Research Links:

“ A recent article I read regarding male Indian elephants forming ephemeral “raiding” parties in large numbers to take advantage of ever-growing rich agricultural environment meant for the ever-growing human populace, and bolster fecundity fitness. These large groups also off a buffer against other anthropogenic induced stress, (New monocultures blocking elephant corridors, etc)  Also if populations were found increasing, are there also studies of where are the “newborns” growing to full maturity then being poached? …also I think an interesting social parallel to their African counterpart.  Some differences of course, but a study would be interesting. Link & info source below.”

National Library of Medicine: National center for biotechnology information

All-Male Groups in Asian Elephants: A Novel, Adaptive Social Strategy in Increasingly Anthropogenic Landscapes of Southern India

Nishant Srinivasaiah ^1,✉, Vinod Kumar ², Srinivas Vaidyanathan ², Raman Sukumar ³, Anindya Sinha ^1,4

PMCID: PMC6609637  PMID: 31273235

Sci Rep. 2019 Jul 4;9:8678. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45130-1

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6609637

“As I read this, I thought, India Really?”

Modern day poaching STILL creating severe negative gender ratio for Indian Bull “tuskers” elephants from 1 male:12 females; crumbling to 1:100

Pathfinder Merit Fleet LLP / PMF IAS provides affordable, high-quality study resources for UPSC/IAS Civil Services and State PSC Exams. It is well-known for providing best-in-class books/PDFs.

https://www.pmfias.com/elephant-corridors-reserves/#benefits-of-elephant-reserves

India is home to 60% of the Asian elephant population.

India states with highest elephant population: 1st Karnataka (25%) > 2nd Assam > 3rd Kerala > 4th Tamil Nadu > 5th Odisha > 6th Uttarakhand.

Indian subspecies has the widest range among Asian elephants.

India declared the elephant as a national heritage animal by acknowledging its ecological sensitivity.

A study of the establishment of 25 of 33 Indian Elephant Reserves throughout the elephants’ traditional range and covering a total area of 58,000 km². A population survey of the reserves in 2005 found that over 21,000 elephants were living in the protected areas and the population was actually on the increase.

…HOWEVER…..

Project Elephant has also established the MIKE (Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants) programme of CITES. This has uncovered a significant increase in the poaching of bull tuskers, which has damaged the population dynamics by disturbing the sex ratio. In some areas, the normal level of 1:12 (male-female) has been so distorted that 1:100 has been known. This abnormality seriously affects the genetic viability of what on the surface can look like healthy sustainable populations.

Elephant Poaching

The poaching of elephants for ivory, meat, hide and other parts (mainly for use in traditional medicine) is still prevalent in many countries across Asia. Despite worldwide protection through the Convention

on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Treaty, the value placed on elephant products, particularly ivory, the lack of effective enforcement and the remoteness of areas of elephant habitat means that there are those that still kill elephants for profit. Elephant ivory has been used by humans since the earliest times. Evidence even exists of early man building simple dwellings from piles of mammoth tusks. Ivory carvings have comprised an important part of Asian art for over a thousand years and demand in the 19th and early part of the 20th century for mundane items as billiard balls and piano keys has led to the slaughter of literally hundreds of thousands of elephants.

It is important to state that Asian elephants are far less prone to poaching than African elephants because only some Asian males have tusks and both sexes are tusk bearing in African elephants. However, among ivory carvers it is said that Asian ivory is of a higher quality. Whether this difference is real or perceived it still exists and therefore creates a demand for Asian elephant tusks. Although hard reliable data about the extent of poaching is difficult to comes across, not least because of its illegal nature, there is some information and plenty of anecdotal evidence. Studies undertaken by Raman Sukumar in India suggest that ivory poaching was responsible for between 44 and 68% of all male elephant deaths in three Indian provinces. There is also widespread evidence of poaching in other parts of southeast Asia; particularly Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos where alarming decreases in the elephant population seem to have been caused by poaching.

One of the problems associated with poaching male Asian elephants is the creation of serious imbalances in the ratio between the sexes. This affects not just the rate of reproduction, but also leads to a decline in the necessary genetic diversity required to ensure healthy populations. This phenomenon is being demonstrated by the growing prevalence of males without tusks as the ‘tusk’ gene is disappearing.

Presently, Male Indian elephants make up approximately 1% of the Indian elephant Population.  Eg: 250 male elephants per 25,000.  25 males for every 1000 females.  Critical imbalance.

In recent years, organizations such as Traffic are starting to report a decline in demand for ivory as the international public’s awareness of the issue grows. However, there is still enormous demand in both China and Japan for ivory products – particularly netsales and personal shops.  Elephant killings for meat alone are rare and usually the result of a chance encounter in the forest. The time and energy required to prepare and transport the meat, as well as reluctance by many populations to countenance the eating of elephant, makes it an uneconomical endeavour.

Elephant hide however does have value and high quality clothes and furnishings of elephant leather are sold in boutiques across Asia.

The use of exotic animal products in traditional Asian medicine is well known and sadly elephants are no exception. It is known that poachers killing elephants for medicinal products will poison waterholes and track fallen elephants before stripping the carcass. In some parts of Asia, wild elephants are captured live, trained and put to work. This is a form of poaching that removes elephants from the wild.

Although officially banned, it is known that elephant capture on a significant scale still continues in Burma to provide elephants for the logging industry. EleAid is also aware of the existence of poaching operations designed to capture and deliver elephants, mainly babies, for the tourist elephant camps in Thailand. The elephants are captured in Burma, smuggled over the border and given false registration papers showing the animals to be born in captivity. Wild elephant capture often results in elephant deaths, particularly if the poachers are trying to capture young elephants. Often the herd will violently turn on the poachers to protect the young which results in them being shot.

Poaching in all its forms is a violent and brutal crime and EleAid supports the rigorous enforcement of anti-poaching legislation and harsh penalties for offenders.